Fuel Marker Market, By Marker Type (Molecular Markers, Isotopic Markers, Nano-Markers, Others), By Application (Tax Compliance, Fuel Adulteration Detection, Quality Control, Supply Chain Security, Environmental Regulations), By Formulation (Liquid Markers, Powder Markers, Solvent-Based Markers, Others) and Regions 2023-2031

Market Brief:

"According to Reports and Insights analysis, the global fuel marker market is expected to register a revenue CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period."

 A fuel marker, also known as a fuel dye or fuel tracer, is a chemical substance added to fuels such as petroleum and diesel to help identify and differentiate them. While being typically invisible, the markers once added to fuel or the fuel is ‘chemically stamped’, the markers are difficult to remove, but can be detected using portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments or detected in a laboratory. Some markers however, such as the Euromarker, are not completely resistant to laundering, and criminals quickly develop new methods for removing them.

There are differences between fuel markers and petroleum markers and dyes. Fuel markers are substances, when added to fuels are detected by adding a specific reagent. Petroleum dyes on the other hand impart a permanent color to fuels, and these as well as markers are being increasingly used and added to identify fuel and prevent fuel theft.

Major purposes for such markers being mandatory include tax enforcement, quality control, and fraud prevention. For tax enforcement for instance, governments use fuel markers to distinguish between taxed and untaxed fuels. By adding a specific marker to taxed fuels, authorities can easily determine whether the correct taxes have been paid when inspecting fuel supplies. Quality control also entails the use of fuel markers to ensure the quality and safety of fuels, and different markers may be added to distinguish between various grades of fuel or to ascertain the presence of contaminants. Fuel adulteration prevention is a major application and markers are used to combat fuel adulteration, where lower-quality or cheaper substances are mixed with fuels to increase volume or profits. Adding a marker that is difficult to replicate or remove enables authorities to detect such adulteration more easily. Also, supply chain security is a key area of application and fuel markers can be used to track fuel along routes, helping to maintain fuel integrity, prevent theft, diversion, adulteration, or counterfeiting.

Increasing instances of fuel fraud, regulatory mandates for fuel quality assurance, and advancements in detection technologies are key factors driving rising demand for fuel markers, making them indispensable tools in the fight against fuel adulteration. The advantages of fuel markers include easy, quick, and quantifiable detection, and this is possible on the roadside while checking consignments or in the laboratory. Most markers are resistant to known criminal fuel laundering techniques, the market liquid is in concentrate form and easy to use, and is stable in fuels and compatible with common fuel additives, among other benefits.

The global fuel marker market is registering consistent revenue growth due to high demand for petrol and diesel globally, and need to combat fuel adulteration and tax evasion. Perpetually high demand is a key factor resulting in criminal and fraudulent practices in the oil and gas industry, as price volatility and fuel shortages continue due to unstable geopolitical situations, civil wars, and regional disputes and conflict, coupled with government sanctions, and supply chain disruptions. These factors are also resulting in increasing instances of fuel adulation, smuggling, diversion, illicit trade, hoarding, and black-market sales.

The Ukraine-Russia conflict has been having a significant impact on the petroleum industry since Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea was invaded in February 2014 by Russia. The conflict kept simmering as Donbas region was captured in April that year. However, the war escalated on 24 February 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine, but between 2020 and 2023 major changes have been ongoing. The war has led to a sharp increase in energy prices and significant volatility in energy markets, crude oil and petroleum product prices soared by 51%2, cost of natural gas rose by 94%2, further resulting in global household energy costs rise of between 62.6% and 112.9%2. The price of crude oil in the global market skyrocketed from around USD 76 per barrel at the start of January 2022 to over USD 110 per barrel on 4 March 2022. Also, Europe imposed a ban on Russian diesel and other oil products.

However, going by statistics from US Energy Information Administration (EIA), this conflict has not resulted in reduced usage and consumption of gasoline or petroleum, and in 2022, approximately 135 billion gallons (or around 3.22 billion barrels) of finished motor gasoline were consumed in the United States alone, which translates to an average of around 370 million gallons per day (or approx. 8.81 million barrels per day). According to EIA estimates for US, demand for the motor fuel is expected to fall to around 8.12 million barrels per day in 2030 going by the reference in case scenario. Also, depending on oil prices, policy changes, economic growth and EV sales, demand could range anywhere between 7.85 million barrels per day and 8.57 million barrels per day. This estimated reduction can be attributed to EVs gaining traction, and focus on ‘other energy’ powered vehicles, and initiatives to shift away from fossil fuels.

All fuels typically contain fuel marker and dyes to differentiate quality and source for various reasons. Fraud primarily happens in the form of dilution of taxed fuels with other tax-free or low tax products and this can include fuel smuggled or illegally brought in from a neighboring country where fuel is cheaper, or by criminal elements adding a low-cost solvent. Each year, an estimated USD 134 billion in fuel is illegally diverted or traded, adulterated, or defrauded from legitimate petroleum companies. In the EU each year, between USD 7 billion (Euro 7.48 billion) to USD 10 Billion (Euro 10.68 billion) are lost to fuel fraud, and entails criminals removing government fuel markers in fuel allocated for lower-taxed essential uses, and selling for higher-taxed uses.

Another key factor driving demand for fuel markers is need to ensure compliance with stringent environmental and regulatory standards, and this requires deployment of effective fuel marking strategies. However, it is noteworthy to mention that over 10 alternative fuels are in phases of testing, production, or development for use in alternative fuel vehicles and others with advanced technologies. These initiatives are driven by rising environmental concerns and increasing focus on alternative and more eco-friendly fuels for energy and transportation. The initiatives currently in pipeline are for target vehicles and primary use of these fuels is slated for government and private-sector fleets. The US is focused keenly on developments in alternative fuels including electricity and advanced vehicles and not on conventional fuels and vehicles. This is to enable conservation of petroleum and resources and reducing vehicle emissions.

Fuel Marker Market Report Overview: 

The global fuel marker market research report provides comprehensive insights into driving factors, restraints, opportunities, and trends, with provision of in-depth supporting information, data, and statistics and actionable insights. Though covered and provided extensively across the report, the data and information format are simple, yet dynamic in order to ensure ease of reading and understanding, as well as presenting and maximizing leverage and use.

Revenues and market share are provided in detail for previous years in order to showcase the evidence upon which our estimations and forecasts are based. Revenue growth rates and differences, as well as comparisons and relatable data are provided to further support all findings. Data points are provided for each year – from historical to end of forecast period – and this format is followed for each segment region and respective countries, as well as sub-segments and others.

Vital details of major companies in the market are provided in the company profile section of the report. Cover includes financials, recent developments, research & development, strategies, product launches, agreements, expansion, mergers & acquisitions, and others.  

The global fuel marker market research report is segmented on basis marker type, application, end-user, technology, formulation, and regions and countries. Regional segmentation includes North America (United States and Canada); Europe (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland, BENELUX, NORDIC, and Rest of Europe); Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand, & Rest of Asia Pacific); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, & Rest of Latin America); Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Israel, and Rest of MEA). 

Fuel Marker Market Research and Insights: 

Global fuel marker market research is comprehensive and the report provides in-depth details of the various factors, trends, patterns, and scenarios and aspects that have a direct or indirect impact, near-term or far-term on the market and products and services etc.

The current global fuel marker market is registering steady incline in sales due to a combination of factors, majority of which are to enable efficient monitoring and supply of fuel, reduce illicit trade and sale of fuel, and enable governments to combat challenges related to smuggling, adulteration, and other criminal practices in the market.

Some more specific insights and positive factors and drivers in the global fuel marker market provided below: 

Increasing Fuel Tax Enforcement: Governments in a number of countries have been facing issues with tax evasion in the fuel sector, and are increasingly working with companies to develop and deploy more effective and fool-proof methods and solutions to rein in this matter. The practice of using fuel markers to differentiate between taxed and untaxed fuels has been inclining substantially in current times owing to conflicts in petroleum producing regions being restrained and sanctions on trade on some countries. Shortage in supply and price volatility is resulting in increased activities along the illegal supply chain and this has led to a growing demand for fuel markers to ensure compliance and increase tax revenue.

Rising Concerns about Fuel Adulteration: The global market has witnessed a surge in fuel adulteration, where lower-quality substances are mixed with fuels, affecting product quality and engine performance, as well as contributing to increased emissions and air pollution, among others. Use of fuel markers to detect adulteration and maintain the integrity of fuel products is being mandatorily implemented in a number of countries, and especially in a number of developing economies.

Technological Advancements: The development of advanced marker technologies, including molecular markers and nanomaterials, has improved the accuracy and efficiency of fuel tracking and monitoring. These innovations enable quicker and more reliable detection, thereby reducing fraud and improving product quality. Increasing focus on developing more effective and efficient fuel markers as criminal cartels develop more advanced ways to continue with activities is also expected to drive revenue growth of the market.

Global Trade and Supply Chain Security: The globalization of the fuel industry has necessitated measures to ensure the security and traceability of fuel products throughout the supply chain. Fuel markers enable governments and industry stakeholders to track fuel shipments, reduce theft, and prevent the diversion of products to illicit markets. Also, focus on better techniques and solutions to meet compliance and standards are expected to support market revenue growth.

Environmental Concerns and Fuel Quality: Increasing awareness of environmental issues and emissions regulations driving need for consistent and high-quality fuels. Fuel markers are used to maintain and verify fuel quality standards, reducing harmful emissions and improving engine performance. As regulations become increasingly stringent to meet standards and reduce carbon footprint, companies are expected to focus on research and development of more advanced solutions, and this will also have a positive impact on revenue growth of the market.

What are Some Key Factors Restraining Revenue Growth of the Global Fuel Marker Market? 

Despite the various positive factors and growth prospects in the global fuel marker market, some restraints and factors having negative impacts on revenue growth:

Costs and Budget Constraints: Deployment and maintenance of fuel marker programs can be cost intensive and governments and companies may face budget constraints that limit ability to invest in marker technology and enforcement. Implementing a fuel marker program itself requires an initial investment in technology, equipment, and personnel. This includes the purchase of markers, specialized detection equipment, and the training of enforcement personnel. Governments and fuel industry stakeholders may be hesitant to allocate significant funds to such programs, especially if they have other pressing financial priorities.

In addition to the initial investment, there are ongoing operational costs associated with maintaining and expanding marker programs. This includes the cost of reagents, regular maintenance of detection equipment, and the salaries of personnel involved in enforcement. Budget constraints can limit the ability to cover these recurring expenses. Also, governments and industry stakeholders have limited resources, and must allocate these resources across various priorities, from healthcare and education to infrastructure and security. This competition for resources can make it challenging to secure adequate funding for fuel marker programs, thereby restraining their growth.

Return on Investment Uncertainty: The benefits of fuel marker programs, such as increased tax revenue, reduced fuel adulteration, and improved supply chain security, can be difficult to quantify and may not yield immediate results. This can make it challenging to justify the expenditure, especially in environments with tight budget constraints.

Complexity of Funding: Coordinating funding for marker programs can be complex, especially when multiple government agencies or industry stakeholders are involved. The bureaucracy and decision-making processes can delay or hinder the allocation of funds.

Economic Downturns: During economic downturns or periods of financial instability, governments may implement austerity measures and budget cuts. Fuel marker programs may be seen as less of a priority during such times, leading to reduced funding and operational capacity.

Political Considerations: Political decisions can also influence budget constraints. If a government faces opposition or lacks the political will to implement or expand fuel marker programs, it can result in budget limitations and slow growth in this sector.

Technology Development and Adoption: While technology advancements have been a positive factor, these can also hinder growth as some regions or organizations may face challenges keeping up with the rapid pace of innovation.

Legislation and Regulation: Frequent changes in fuel taxation and regulatory requirements can create uncertainty and complexity for stakeholders in the fuel industry, affecting the adoption of fuel markers.

Resistance from Fuel Producers: Fuel producers who may be involved in illicit activities may resist the implementation of markers, creating challenges in their adoption.

Environmental Concerns: Some markers may pose environmental risks or be seen as problematic due to their chemical composition. Environmental concerns can influence the decision to use certain types of markers.

Cross-Border Smuggling: Conflicts often lead to porous borders and weak governance, making it easier for fuel smugglers to operate across international boundaries.

Geopolitical Considerations: Fuel supply chains can become entangled in geopolitical conflicts, making the implementation of marker programs more complex and potentially affecting the international trade in fuels.

Supply Chain Complexity: Fuel supply chains are intricate and interconnected. Implementing fuel markers at every stage of the supply chain can be challenging, and enforcement may be uneven.

Technology Infrastructure: The use of markers relies on technology, and the availability and reliability of technology infrastructure can affect the effectiveness of marker programs.

Compliance and Enforcement: The willingness and ability of governments and enforcement agencies to enforce marker programs can vary, impacting their success in the supply chain.

Globalization: The international nature of the fuel market makes it difficult to establish uniform marker programs and may allow for cross-border evasion or smuggling.

Consumer Awareness: The success of marker programs can be influenced by consumer awareness and willingness to demand legal, high-quality fuels, thus affecting the incentives for adulteration and smuggling.

Disruption of Supply Chains: Wars and conflicts can disrupt fuel supply chains, making it more challenging to implement and enforce marker programs.

Increased Illicit Trade: In times of instability, there is often an increase in illicit trade and smuggling of various goods, including fuel. This can undermine efforts to control the fuel market through markers.

Why is the United States the largest market for fuel markers compared to other country-level markets in other regions? 

Primarily, the United States is one of the largest consumers of gasoline and diesel fuel in the world and accounted for largest revenue share in the global fuel marker market in 2022. It is estimated to account for around 26.2% of global revenue in 2023, and continue to maintain dominance over the forecast period. With high vehicle ownership and vast network of vehicles, industrial machinery, and an expansive transportation sector, the demand for fuel is consistently high, making it an a substantially larger market for fuel markers. Also, the U.S. has established stringent regulations and standards for fuel quality and taxation; for example; the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) enforce these regulations, requiring the use of fuel markers to differentiate between various grades of fuel and ensure compliance with tax requirements.

In addition the U.S. relies majorly on fuel taxes as a source of revenue for transportation infrastructure and other government initiatives. The need to collect these taxes efficiently and prevent tax evasion, and this drives significant demand for fuel markers.

Robust Enforcement Infrastructure: The U.S. has a well-established and robust infrastructure for fuel marker enforcement. Federal, state, and local authorities collaborate to monitor and regulate the fuel market, ensuring that fuel markers are effectively used throughout the supply chain.

Other key factors include, the country is base to a number of diverse market players, technological advancements are in high focus, global trade and supply chain security initiatives are regulated through this hub, and the US has strong R&D and industry collaborations.

The U.S. has a diverse and competitive fuel market with numerous fuel producers, distributors, and retailers. This diversity, combined with regulatory requirements, encourages the widespread use of fuel markers to maintain quality, traceability, and tax compliance. The U.S. fuel marker market has benefited from technological advancements and innovations, such as the use of advanced marker technologies and sophisticated detection equipment, which further support efficient monitoring and enforcement. Increasing awareness of environmental and health concerns related to fuel emissions has driven the demand for cleaner and higher-quality fuels in the U.S. Fuel markers play a vital role in maintaining fuel quality and reducing harmful emissions. As a key player in the global fuel trade, the U.S. emphasizes supply chain security. Fuel markers help track fuel shipments, reduce the risk of theft and diversion, and ensure that products meet quality and environmental standards. In addition, ongoing research and development, coupled with collaborations between government agencies and industry stakeholders, have fostered a conducive environment for the development and implementation of effective fuel marker programs.

Which Key Trends Will Adoption of Fuel Markers in Europe? 

Europe is increasingly focused on reducing harmful emissions and achieving environmental sustainability. Stringent regulations on fuel quality and emissions have been a key driver for the use of fuel markers, and as these regulations evolve and become more stringent, fuel markers are essential for ensuring compliance and monitoring emissions, and this is driving incline in sales.

Tax Revenue Enhancement & Conflicts Across Border: Many countries in Europe rely majorly on fuel taxes as a source of government revenue and to combat tax evasion and fraud, governments have turned to fuel markers to differentiate between taxed and untaxed fuels. The need to secure tax revenue has been driving demand for fuel markers, and the trend is expected to continue owing to restrictions and regional conflicts causing supply chain disruptions and resulting in illegal fuel trade in countries in neighboring regions. Europe's open borders and regional cooperation have led to significant cross-border fuel trade. The use of fuel markers has become crucial to track the movement of fuel across borders, ensure supply chain security, and enforce regional fuel quality and tax standards. This trend has driven sales as the need for cross-border tracking grows.

Alternative and Sustainable Fuels: Europe is actively exploring alternative and sustainable fuels, such as biofuels and hydrogen. As these fuels gain prominence, new types of markers specific to these alternative fuels may emerge. The growing use of these eco-friendly fuels will create a need for innovative marker technologies, thus driving sales in this segment.

Digital Tracking and Blockchain: The integration of digital technologies and blockchain into the fuel supply chain is likely to gain momentum. These technologies can enhance traceability, security, and transparency. Fuel marker sales may rise as markers are integrated with digital tracking systems and blockchain to ensure the authenticity and quality of fuels.

Mobility Trends: Increasing focus on Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the electrification of transportation may impact the traditional fuel market. However, as EVs become more mainstream, the need for markers for charging infrastructure security and for electric vehicle batteries may emerge, presenting new opportunities for fuel marker sales in the evolving mobility landscape.

Why Investment in China and India is Key to Growth in the Global Fuel Marker Market? 

Investment in China and India is a lucrative growth opportunity for companies operating in the global fuel marker market. However, as these two countries have unique dynamics and their roles in the fuel marker market may differ, opportunities and outcomes may differ significantly.

Investment in China is crucial to growth of the global fuel marker market owing primarily to its market size. China is one of the world's largest consumers of fuel, with a vast and rapidly growing transportation sector and industrial base. Its sheer market size makes it a significant destination for fuel marker investment. Also, fuel adulteration is a significant issue in China, with lower-quality substances being mixed with fuels. Government efforts to combat adulteration by implementing fuel marker programs have contributed to the growth of this market. Also, China is actively addressing environmental concerns and has introduced stringent regulations on fuel quality and emissions, and the use of fuel markers to ensure compliance with these standards has become increasingly important. In addition, China has a well-developed chemical and manufacturing industry, making it a lucrative destination for the production of fuel markers. Companies engaging with counterparts or entering into strategic agreements and cooperation can engage in local production and reduce costs and increase availability.

Investment in India is also critical to growth of the global fuel marker market, although India's dynamics differ from China. India has a rapidly growing transportation sector and increasing fuel consumption. As the economy continues to expand, the demand for fuel markers to ensure tax compliance and combat adulteration is on the rise. Also, tax evasion in the fuel sector is a key concern in India, and the government has been implementing fuel marker programs to distinguish between taxed and untaxed fuels, thereby increasing revenue collection. The Indian government's initiatives to promote cleaner and higher-quality fuels align with the use of fuel markers to maintain fuel quality standards. Also, India has a growing chemical and manufacturing industry, which creates opportunities for local production of fuel markers, which can reduce costs and support self-sufficiency. Importantly however, while these markets are registering sales and revenue for fuel markers, there may be challenges and nuances in each country. Cultural, regulatory, and political factors can influence the success and growth of the market.

What is the Outlook on Fuel Marker Sales in Middle East and Africa?

In 2023, the largest markets for fuel markers in the Middle East & Africa were Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa.

Saudi Arabia is a key player in the Middle East fuel marker market. The Saudi government has been implementing fuel marker programs to combat fuel smuggling and ensure tax compliance. The growth of the automotive sector and the need for cleaner fuels are some key factors driving inclining demand for fuel markers. Opportunities for brands in Saudi Arabia include providing advanced marker technologies that cater to the specific needs of the region, enhancing the security of the fuel supply chain, and supporting regulatory compliance.

Nigeria is a significant market in Africa, but faces issues with fuel adulteration and smuggling. The Nigerian government has been investing in fuel marker solutions to address these challenges and market potential is expected to expand significantly as the government enforces fuel quality standards and tax collection. Brands can leverage opportunities in the country by offering cost-effective marker technologies that align with local needs, improving fuel quality, and assisting in revenue collection efforts.

Potential opportunities for brands to leverage in MEA include customized solutions and knowledge sharing. Brands can tailor their fuel marker solutions to meet the specific regulatory and operational requirements of each country within MEA. Customization is key to addressing the unique challenges and needs of these diverse markets. Collaborating with local governments and industry stakeholders to transfer technology and knowledge related to fuel markers can open up sustainable growth in MEA. Brands can play a role in capacity-building and education to enhance the effectiveness of fuel marker programs and improve fuel quality and tax compliance.

Competitive Landscape & Leading Fuel Marker Companies: 

The global fuel marker market features a competitive landscape with several leading brands that have established themselves as key players in the industry. Some of the prominent fuel marker brands include Authentix, Dow Chemical Company, Innospec Inc., SGS SA, and Geographical Fareast & Co.

Among these, Authentix is widely recognized for its advanced fuel authentication and brand protection solutions, offering a range of technologies for various fuel types. Dow Chemical Company is known for its innovative chemical marker solutions, while Innospec Inc. specializes in fuel additives and markers to enhance fuel quality and performance. SGS SA, a global leader in inspection, verification, testing, and certification services, provides comprehensive fuel marker solutions and testing. Geographical Fareast & Co. is a significant player in the Asia-Pacific region, offering fuel marker and testing services. Tracerco is also a globally recognized company and extends its expertise in fuel marking, as well as provides governments and brand owners programs to secure fuel supply chain and maintain fuel integrity, among others.

The competitive landscape is shaped by the continuous development of advanced technologies, regulatory changes, and the increasing demand for solutions that combat fuel adulteration, tax evasion, and ensure fuel quality, resulting in a dynamic and evolving market.

Company List:

• DieselDye
• SGS Fuel Marking
• Tracerco
• GMP SA
• SICPA
• Allexis
• Authentix
• Innospec Inc.
• John Hogg & Co Ltd.
• The Dow Chemical Company

Recent Developments:

• On 7 April 2022, Dow’s ACCUTRACE Plus Fuel Marker was selected by the European Commission selected as the new common fiscal marker for tax rebated fuels in the European Union. The objective behind this decision is to provide EU member states safer and more resilient marker to support fuel fraud prevention programs which are affecting the governments in countries in the region. Also, ACCUTRACE S10, which is one of several molecular fuel markers in this innovative product family, has been independently tested, reviewed, accepted, and legislated by the governments of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Research Scope

Report Metric	Report Details
Market size available for the years	2021-2031
Base Year	2022
Forecast Period	2023-2031
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)	4.6%
Segment covered	Marker Type, Application, End-User, Technology, Formulation, and Region
Regions Covered	North America: The U.S. & Canada Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, & Rest of Latin America Asia Pacific: China, India, Japan, Australia & New Zealand, ASEAN, & Rest of Asia Pacific Europe: Germany, The U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Poland, BENELUX, NORDIC, & Rest of Europe The Middle East & Africa: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, and Rest of MEA
Fastest Growing Market in Europe	United Kingdom
Largest Market	North America
Key Players	DieselDye, SGS Fuel Marking, Tracerco, GMP SA, SICPA, Allexis, Authentix, Innospec Inc., John Hogg & Co Ltd., The Dow Chemical Company

Market Segmentation:

By Marker Type:

• Molecular Markers
• Isotopic Markers
• Nano-Markers
• Others

Application:

• Tax Compliance
• Fuel Adulteration Detection
• Quality Control
• Supply Chain Security
• Environmental Regulations

End-User:

• Oil & Gas Industry
• Government Agencies
• Fuel Producers
• Fuel Distributors
• Others

Technology:

• Spectroscopy
• Chromatography
• Mass Spectrometry
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Others

Formulation:

• Liquid Markers
• Powder Markers
• Solvent-Based Markers
• Others

Segmentation By Region:

North America:

• United States
• Canada

Europe:

• Germany
• The U.K.
• France
• Spain
• Italy
• Russia
• Poland
• BENELUX
• NORDIC
• Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific:

• China
• Japan
• India
• South Korea
• ASEAN
• Australia & New Zealand
• Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America:

• Brazil
• Mexico
• Argentina

Middle East & Africa:

• Saudi Arabia
• South Africa
• United Arab Emirates
• Israel